System of distribution.



M I '0W I. BUUR.

SYSTEM 0F DISTRIBUTION.

APPLrcATloN mm nc.2|, Ism.

1,262,915. Patented Apr.16,191&

2 SHEETS-SHEEY I.

I. BUUH.

SYSTEM 0F DISHIBUTION.

APPLJcAnoH man Dc.21. 19m.

l ,262 ,9 1 5. Patented Apr. 16, 1918.

2 SHEETS-SHEU' 2.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JOSEPH BIJUR, 0F NEW YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNOR TO THE SAFETY CAR HEATING AND LIGHTING CO., 0F NEW YORK, N. Y., A CORPORATION OF NEW JERSEY.

SYSTEM OF DISTRIBUTION.

Specification of Letters latent.

Patented Apr. 16, 1918.

Application tiled December 21, 1910. Serial No. 598,530.

`To all whom t may concern.'

Be it known that I, JOSEPH BIJUu, a citizen of the United States, residing at New York, in the county of New York and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Systems of Distribution, ot which the following is a. full, clear, and enactdescription, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it. apperta-ins to make and use the' same.

This invention relates to electrical regulating apparatus. One of tlhe objects thereof is to provide a practical 'and efficient system for the electric lighting ofA railway vehicles, in which a. batteryfis charged from a generator driven at varying speeds. An other object is to provideV sensitive and reliable apparatus of the above type in which the battery is charged at a propel' rate and the generator protected against over-load. Another object is to provide apparatus. of the above type of simple and cheap construction and economical action. Another object is to provide a regulating device of simple construction and adapted to be maintained in proper condition by unskilled labor. Other objects will be in part obvious4 and in part pointed out hereinafter.

The invention accordingly consists in the features of construction, combinations of elements and arrangement of parts which will be exemplified in the construction hereinafter set forth, and the' scope of the application of which will be indicated in the following claims.. Y

In the accompany drawing, wherein is shown one or more of various possible em'- bodiments of the several features of this invention,

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic riew of a system Similai reference characters refer to sin'iilar parts throughout the severalviews,

there is shown at. 1 a generator having thev Referringnow to Figjl of the. drawing,

shunt. field, winding 2, serially connected with which' is'lvariahle resistance medium 3, which is here shown as compris-ing a .pair of sets of contacting members, as carbon disks, through which the current passes in series. The construction of this` device will hereinafter be given in detail, but it lnay here be noted that it is adapted upon being compressed to decrease the aggregate resistance of the field circuit and increase the enerator output, a decrease of pressure, o viously, having the opposite effect. A storage or secondary battery 4 is connected with the generator t rough the main 5, in which is serially disposed the main switch 6 of a well-known construction. The remaining connection of the battery, by conductor 7, leads through a current coil 8 and thence to the main 9 which leads to the generator terminal. The latter main leads past the battery to the lam s 10, the term lamps disposed resistance e ement of zerov temperature co-elficien-t, in order to reduce the efl'ect of temperature variation'upon the coils and render their action 'more accurate. It may also be noted that the expression connected inra circuit across the batter with refer'- ence to the coil 14, is intende( to impl that the .potential drop inthis ,circuitis substantially equal .to lthe voltage across the mains and not necessarily exactly that across the battery terminals.

Coacting with the several coils 8,411 and 14 and adapted to be conjointly acted upon thereby is a swinging arm 15, pivoted as at 16 and provided with a project-ion 17, which is connected with the link 18 of the variable resistance device. .A ccordingly,.as the arm 15 is swung downwardly or in a connterclockwisefdnection, the pressure plate 19 is movedA away, from the resistance medium 3 and .the resistance of thfield circuit of the genera-torcorrespondingly increased.

Referring now to Fig. 2 of the drawing, in which the variable resistance device appears in,E detail, there is shown a fraaie 20, to which are adjnstably secured the two ixedplfttes 21. Upon this frame, between each lixed plate 21 and the movable pressure plate 12), is mounted a set of carbon disks, the two sets in series comprising the resistance medium 3, these disks being held in position as by the rods'22 with suitable insulatin sleeves. Operatively related to the mova le pressure plate 19 is an .electromagnet 23, so disposed as to tend to attract plate 19 and compress the medium 3.V This electromagnet is preferably connected across the mains as a voltage coil and is so wound and proportioned and its armature so shaped that its pull upon the pressure plate 19 is at all stages of compression of the medium substantially equal to the mechanical resistance of this medium to compression. vIn other words, the mechanical resistance to' compression increases at an increasing rate as compression progresses and the attraction of this magnet 23 for'its armature'increases at substantially the same rate, and the parts are so proportioned that at all stages of operation of the device the compressive force exerted by magnet 23 is substantially equal to the resistance to compression of the Ine- .dium 3. The device is thus continually in a state in which these twoforces are substantially balanced and any 'change in the force applied to the medium by the regulating magnets will exert its full effect. in changing the electrical resistance of the medium irrespective of the state, of mechanical compression in which the resistance happens vto be. In other words, the mechanical re? just balanced at all stages o compression by the coil 23, the only resistance varyingforces are the spring` 25 andthe magnetic attraction upon the lever 15, and hence on actuation of the lever it will move until the force of the spring is just balanced. This entire device, including the frame 20, is detachable as a unit from the frame 24, which may su port the actuating lever 15 und the adjusta le retractile spring 25. it will be seen that this unitary device may be removed and replacedas a unit without the necessity for adjustment by skilled labor. as it is so formed and proportioned as properly to perform its functions when connected in osition. l

n Fig. 5 of'the drawing is shown a' rcsistance device in which certain of the features of this invention are embodied. The frame 26 may be removably mounted upon the frame 24 and the link 18 connected with the lever arm 17. T he variable resistance medium 28 is compressed 4between a fixed plate 29 and a movable plate lfl and lever 27 on link 18 is connected with the frame 26 by a toggle comprising the jointed levers 31 and 32,this toggle acting on the pressure plate 30 through link 18. Lever 32 is .pro- 'vded with a weight 33 and a stop 34 for sa this lever is saaisposed that a wia 4limit sistance ofthe carbons to com ression being From this' the downward mouvement of the linkage. These parts are so formed and proportioned that the pressure exerted b weight 33 upon the medium 28 is substantmlly equal to the resistance of this medium to compression at all stages, and, accordingly, the device is at all times sensitive to a slight impulse in either direction from the actuating mechanism. This follows'lin view of the action previously ex lained with respect to the apparatus of ign 2, the rapidly increasing compressive power of the toggle in this case taking the place ofthe rapidly increasing attractive power of thel magnet 23. In other words, as the weight 33 falls the above tog- 80 gleapproaches a position in which the sev.- eral pivotal points are in line and hence exerts a pull, upon the' lever 27, which increases at a rapidly increasing rate as it nears this position. This rate of: increasing pressure by a suitable proportioning of the parts 'may be made to follow closelythe 1n creasing resistance to' compression as the compression progresses.

` Recurring to Fig. 1 of the drawing, there is shown a voltage coil 35 connected across the battery and the armature 36 of this coil 'controls the' position of contacts 3T and 38.

Contact 37 short-circuits the coil 11 and contact 38 short-circuits the resistance ele' ment 39, serially connected with the voltage coil 14.

The operation of the above-described apparatus is substantially as follows Assuming the generator to be speeded u until the main switch 6 closes, the battery will receive charging current,"which is governed by the coils 8 and 14. These coils are so wound and proportioned that with the full desired battery charging current for empty battery in coil 8 and the corresponding voltage in coil 14, they will just balance the retractile force of spring 25. If there is any tendency of excess of either of these factors. the resistance medium 3 will be relieved-110 of pressure and (renditions again brought to normal. These coils, moreover,' are so formed that with the desired current flowing in coil `8 for a fully charged battery and the corresponding voltage in coil 14, they will also just'balance the opposing forces of the variable resistance mechanism. The above is under the assumption, of course,4 -that there is no lamp-load turned on.l If the lamp-load be turned on, the current will flow 120 through coil 11 and this coil is so wound and proportioned that with slamp-load equal to the full capacity of the generator and a voltage across coil 14 equal to the discharging voltage of a full battery, these two coils will' 125 just balance the resistance 'device with zero current in coil 8. The action of the cut-of device is such that upon the battery reaching a stage where it is desired to stop the chargingcurrent, the coil 11-will be short-circuited 13o lli and coil 14 so increased in value, due to short-circuiting of resistance element 39, that it. will just balance the regulating dcvice with zero current in coil 8.

In order to rc'nder clearer the action of this regulating apparatus, certain concrete examples will be given. Assume that the railway car is equipped with a generator having a normal capacity of 65 amperes capable of carrying over-loads of 72 amperes and that 1G cells of storage batteriesl arel used which, when the voltage across their terminals exceeds 2116, volts per cell, will take a charging current, and which, when the voltage across their terminals is below this value.Y will discharge. Thus 2,16 volts per cell is assumed as a point to which the voltage across the terminals of the storage bat-A tery may be reduced before discharge begins. Since. either the coil 23 or the toggle ar rangement shown in Fig. 5 are intended to compensate for the iucreasin resistance to compression of the carbon pia, the changes in the resistanct` in the carbon pile will be proportional to the variation in ull on the spring caused by the current in the coils of the regulator.

The batteries are assumed to be full when the voltage across their terminals has risen to 2,2,- volts per cell atithe same time that the charging current has fallen to 1815 amperes. l

When the volts across coil 14 are 2,16 volts per cell and-the current in coil 8 is 18; amperes, the sum of the pulls'is made equal to the mechanical pull of 4thercgulator in the opposite direction. The sum of these pulls, therefore, is the value which causes the regulator to be in balance. Anyexc'fess rotates it counterclo'ckwise; any decrease in the pull rotates it clockwise.` Thcproportions between coils 14 and 8 are made to fit these two conditions; 2 volts acrossl coil 14, the voltage corresponding to a full batte 1S?,` amperes in coilS, the desired 4finishing' charge for afull battery, produce a certain pnl] and 233,-, volts per cell across coil 14, the voltage corresponding to an empty battery at the beginning of the charge, and 65 amperes in coil '8, the full value of charge available for an empty battery, produce thesame pull. This fixes the proportions of 14 and 8. The proportions of 'coil 11 with relation to the other two may be fixed 'as follows: 72 ampercs in coil 1], the lamp consumption of about the over-load capacity of the generator, with 2,2, volts per cell lacross 14, the voltage at which the battery is about to discharge, zero current in 8, zero battery charge since the whole generator output 'is required by the lamps, equals the same counter-clockwise regulator. x

From the above proportions, it will be seen that without any lamp load the battery and pull ony the lever arm 15 of the current coil and the battery voltage coil alone cause a.suitable battery charge to take place, the current being about the full generator output if the battery is empty and reduced to a suitable value when .the battery is full. The etl'ect of the current flowing to the lamps is such that if it should rise to the full capacity of the generator, the balance of the regulator is produced withy no charge into the battery and the generator voltage reduced to such a point that further lamp load will cause the battery to discharge and so furnish the current assumed to be in excess of the generator capacity. A full load to the translating devices causes the generator potential to be lowered to the point at which the battery discharges. 'lhc generator is, therefore, protected against over-load due to the translating devices or an empty battery or both. Similarly, full generator output to the battery causes the voltage of thegenerator to he so reduced that the battery charge will not rise above this value. A slight decrease in the lamp load, so 'that it lies withinthe capacity of the generator, permits current to flow tothe batteryif it is notyet full, and this regulator has marked advantages in this respect,

since even with er relatively large proportion of the generator outputused by the translating devices, ,almost all of the remaining generator capacity is available for charging the battery.

Among other advantages of this regulator are its simplicity in that while having few parts, the. generator is so controlled that the battery charge proceeds iu accordance with the battery requirements, substantially .irrespective of lamp load, so long as the total current output. is within the capacity of the generator. All current required by the translating devices is lfurnished by the generator, if the latter is up to speed, and the battery furnishes'current to -them only at such times asthe'generabor is incapable of doing so'by reason of slovvspeeif- In the action of the battery cut-ofi under lthe above assumption, the value of the re- `short-circuits coil 11 so that the generator is maintained at the floating point of the battery, irrespective of the lamp load. This condition persists until the main switch 6 opens when the cut-olf 'opens and the charge proceeds in the manner'rst-dcscribed.

Iln the action of the variable resistance v the gener-intona voltage responsive coil act4 device, it is desirable to have the dynamo regulator follow the same law of operation, irrespective of its position in its range. If the carbons by reason of their compression oppose the motion of'the regulator, the same force that balances the regulator when the carbons are open and exert no turning influence will be different from the force which balances the regulator when .thecarbons are compressed and tend to turn the regulator. By theabove means a unitary variable resistance device can be constructed in which thc expanding force of the car- 'bons themselves is ol'set and compensated for by the opposite pullof the compensating means. If the carbons exert no expanding fome when open and exert a. 4five pound resistance to compression squeezed, the parts of the toggle or the magnet are so proportioned that it pulls'ive pounds more in a horizontal direction when the carbons are squeezed than when they are open, and may be made to compensate very closely all expandin forces of the carbons between the limits o .open and squeezed.

It will thus be seen that there is provided apparatus in which the several objects of this invention are attained.

As many changes could be made in the above constructionand many apparently widely differentA embodiments of t 1s invention could be made without'departin from the scopethereof, it is intended t at all matter contained in the abovedescription or shown in the accompanying drawing shall be interpreted as illustrative and notin a limiting sense."

It is also to be'understood that'the, language used in the following claims is in tended to cover allvof the generic and spe-` cific features of the invention herein. de'- scribed and all statements of thersco e-of.

theinvention, which, as a matter -o .language, might besaid to fall therebetween.` Having described 'my invention; vvhatf4 I claim as new and desire tofsecureby I voltage coll toiexert apreponderating effect t'ersPatentis:

1. In apparatus of the 'class described, in

combination, a generator, astora'ge.battery` and lamps connected to receive current from 'said generator, a pressure-controlledi variable resistance for affecting the loutput of ing upon said resistance, a` battery current coil acting upon said resistance,`each of said coils constantly exerting a substantial/regulating effect upon said resistance, and-means varyingwith the charge of said storage battery to'cause said voltage coil to exert a.' preponderating effect over said current coil when said ,battery stat-c oi vfiill`ehnrge. i n

ln apparatus of the class described, in coinl'iinatou. a generator having a shunt icld,'a storage battery and translation cir when y resistance, an

substantially 'reaches a:

a substantially constant effect u on saideresistance throughout` a substantia portion2of the charge of saidy battery, a battery' current coil `adaptedto regulate said generator for slightly diminishing the battery charglng current throughout. a substantial portion of the charge of said battery, and means varying with the charge of said battery adapted to increase the effect of said voltage coil when said battery reaches a predeter-A mined state of charge, whereby said voltage coil causes a gradual decreasing regulating efl'ect of said current coil.

3. n apparatus of he class described, in

combination .a'generaton a storage battery4 and lamps connected to receive-current from said generator, a pressure-controller" variable resistance for aiecting the output of the generator, a multiplying lever operating upon said'variable resistance, a voltage responsive coil and a current responsive coil? acting conjointly upon one end of said lever and constantly exerting a substantial regu lating effect upon said resistance, and means varying with the charge of said storage battery to causesaid voltage coil to exertv a preponderating effect over said current coil whensaid battery substantially reaches a state of full charge.

4. In apparatus of the class described, in

combination a generator, a stoyage battery and lamps connected to receiv turrent from said generator, a pressure-controlled ,variable resistance for ai'ecting the output of the generator, a. non-polarized multiplyingv lever operating upon said variable' reslst- 1 05 ance, a voltage responsive coil and a currenti responsive coil acting conJomtly upon one en 'd of said lever and constantly exertp Ving a' substantial -regulating effect upon said d' means varying wit-h the 11o charge of paid storage battery to cause said over said current coil'when4 said battery substantially 'reaches a state' of full charge.

5. In apparatus .of the character described, inco'mhination, a enerator, a stor- 4 age battery and lamps1 a apted `to receive' 'currentirom' the generator, a .variable resistance devieeconnected to affect the output of saidgeneratonmeans comprising a coil carrying the current. passln =lampsadapted to alect said varia le resistto said sistance device connected to aii'ect the output 130 `Lasagna of the generator, rnea'ns comprising a voltage coil connected in a circuit across said battery, a coil connected to be traversed by current passing to said lamps and adapted to affect said device conjointly with said voltage coil, and means to give an increased effect to said voltage coil and decreased effect to said lamp current coil when said battery reaches a predetermined condition of charge.

7. In apparatus of the class described, in combination, a generator, a storage battery, a variable resistance medium positioned and connected te affect the output of said generator, a current coil connected to receive the current passing to said battery and wound to exert a field substantially proportional thereto, a circuit connected across said battery, a voltage coil in said circuit and forming a magnet independent of said current coil, means cont-rolled by said coils and controlling said variable resistance medium, and means controlled in accordance with the voltage of said battery adapted upon said battery reaching a predetermined voltage to give an increased effect to said voltage coil.

8. In apparatus of the class described, in combination, a generator, a storage battery and lamps adapted to receive current therefrom, a variable resistance device positioned and connected to affect theoutput of said generator, a current coil connected in the external circuit of said lgenerator, a. second' current coil wound and connected to receive the current passing to said lam s and present a field substantially proportional thereto, a circuit across said battery, a voltage coil in said last named circuit, and means controlled by said cils and controllin saidvariable resistance device, said coils eing wound and mounted to exert a cumulative effect upon said last means.

9. In apparatus of the class described, in combination, a generator, a storage battery and lamps adapted to receive current therefrom, a variable resistance device positioned and connected to affect the output of said generator, a current coil connected in the external circuit of said generator, a Second current coil wound and connected to receive the current passing to said lamps and present a field substantially proportional thereto, a voltage coil connected in a circuit across said battery, and means controlled by said coils and controlling said variable resistance device, said several coils being so, wound and proportioned as conjointly to exert a cumulative effect upon said resistance device with full battery charging voltage, a predetermined finishing charging current in said first current coil and zero current in said second current coil substantially equal to their effect thereon with full battery discharging voltage, zero current in said first current coil and the full capacity of the generator in said second current coil.

10. In apparatus of, the class described, in combination, a generator, a storage battery and lamps adapted to receive current therefrom, a variable resistance device positioned and connected to affect the output of' said generator, a current coil connected in the cxtcrnal circuit of said generator, a second current coil wound and connected to receive the current passing to said lamps and pre- Sent a field substantially proportional thereto, a circuit across said battery, a voltage coil in said last named circuit, and means controlled by said coils and controlling said variable resistance device, said several coils being so wound and proportioned as conjointly to exert a cumulative effect on said resistance device with empty battery charging voltage, ay predetermined full charging current in said first current coil and '/.ero current in said second current coil substantially equal to their effect thereon with full battery discharging voltage, zero current in said first current coil and the full capacity of the generator in said second currentscoil.

11. In apparatus of the class described, in combination, a generator, a storage battery and lamps adapted to receive current therefrom, a pressure-controlled variable resistance device positioned and connected to affect the output of said generator, a cnrrent coil connected in the external circuit of said generator, a second current coil Wound and connected to receive the current passing to said lamps and present a field substantially proportional thereto, said coils being wound and mounted to exert a cumulative effect, a circuit across said battery, a voltage coil in said last named circuit, and means controlled by said coils and controlling said variable resistance device.

12. In apparatus of the class described, in combination, a generator, a storage battery and lumps connected to receive current from said generator, a pressure-controlled variable resistance device connected to affect the output of said generator, a currentcoil positioned in the battery branch to present a field substantially proportional to the current flowing to the battery, a, current coil connected in the lamp branch to present a iield substantially proportional to the current flowing to the lamps, a circuit across said battery, a voltage coil in said circuit a member adapted to be acted upon conjointly and cumulatively by said coils to vary the ressure upon said variable resistance meium, and means adapted to oppose the effeet of said coils upon said medium.

13. In apparatus of the class' described, in combination, a generator, a storage battery and lamps connected to receive current from said generator, a variable resistance device connected to affect the output of said gencrater, means comprising a coil carrying the current passing to said lamps adapted to atl'ect said variable resistance device, and nu-nns controlled in accordance with the voltage of said batteryv adapted upon said huttenv reaching a predetermined voltage to shunt said lamp current coil.

14.. ln apparatus of the classl described, in combination, a generator, a storage battery and lamps connected to receive current from said generator, a variable resistance device connected to affect the output of said generator, means comprising a voltage coil connected in a circuit across said battery and a roi] connected in the lamp branch to carry current passing to said lamps adapted to al'ect sani variable` resistance device, and means controlled in accordance with the voltage of said battery adapted upon the battery reaching a predetermined voltage to give an increased 'effect to said voltage coil and decreased effect to .said lamp current coil,

l5. In apparatus of the class described, in coxnbinatioxn'a generator, a storage battery, a pressure controlled variable resistance medium positionedand connected to affect the output of said generator, a current coil connected in the external circuit of said generator, a circuit across said battery, a voltage coil in said lust named circuit means controlled by said coils and controlling said variable resistance medium, and means controlled'inaccordance with thekvoltage of said battery adapted upon said battery reaching a predetermined voltage to increase the effect of said voltage coil to such a degree that it exerts an effect on said variable resistance medium substantial] equal to the conjoint effect thereon of sai voltage coil with empty battery charging voltage and said current coil with a predetermined full charging current.

16. In apparatus of the class described, in

'combinatioin a generator, a storage battery and lamps adapted to receive current therefrom, a variable resistance device positioned and connected to affect the output of said generator, a current coil connected in the external circuit of said'generator, a second current coil wound and connected to receive the current passing to Said lamps and present a field substantially proportional thereto, a circuit across said battery, 4a, voltage coil in said last named circuit means controlled. .by said coils and controlling said variable resistance device, and means controlled in accordance with, battery voltage adapted upon the battery reaching full voltage to'shunt said lamp current coil and increase the effect of' said voltage coil to such a de e that it exerts ane'ect upon said v aria le resistance devicesubstantially equal to the conjoint effect thereon of said voltage coil with empty battery charging volta e and said first coil with a predeterminedfu charging current, v

In testimony' whereof I ailix my in the presence of two witnesses.

4JOSEPH BIJUR.

Witnesses:4

' HELEN M. SnAMANs,

LEONARD Wa'rsoy.

signature, 

